Interactionist Paradigm

DEVELOPING AN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES COURSE USING

 A LEARNER CENTERED APPROACH

 

 

1. Kegiatan Pendahuluan

2. Kegiatan Inti

3. Kegiatan Penutup

1. Buku teks Englis in focus
2. Buku-buku lain yang relevan
3. Alat peraga

1. Teknik: Tes unjuk kerja
2. Bentuk: Tes identifikasi gambar berdasarkan informasi yang ada dalam kalimat-kalimat sederhana atau dalam teks
3. Contoh instrumen:

• To determine their communicative abilities in English
• To determine their formal knolwledge of english
• To find out how students use language on a daily basis
• To determine what English language skills are necessary to enable students to participate in all school and comunity activities in English
• To find out what prior experinces students have had with formal education
• Etc.

• To determine current levels of language proficiency of employees
• To determine how many employees are in need of the language training
• To identify senior restairant staff’s perception of language problem employees have on the job
• To ascertain the types of transaction employees typically perform in English.

1. curriculum officers in ministry of education, who may wish to use the information to evalute the adequacy of exixting syllabus, curriculum, and materials
2. teachers who will teach from the new curriculum
3. learners who will be taught  from the curriculum
4. writers, who are preparing new textbooks
5. testing personnel, who are involved in developing end-of-school assesments
6. staff of tertiary institution, who are interested in knowing what the expected level will be of students exixiting the schools and what problem they face.

1. policy makers
2. ministry of education officials
3. teachers
4. employers
5. parents
6. vocational training specialists

1. The research team ( academics and research assistant)
2. Students who piloted the questionnaire
3. Academic staff who adminiter some of the questionnaire.
4. Secretarial suport to prepare questionnaire and tabulating data.

1. Questionnaire

2. Self-rating

3. Interviews

4. Meetings

5. Observation

6. Collecting learner language samples

Submitted to Fulfill Assignment of Cross Culture Understanding

Compiled by :

Feri Defiana

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF EDUCATINAL AND TEACHERS’ TRAINING

SILIWANGI UNIVERSITY

2012

1.    Verbal Communication : the Way people Speak

Culture influence communication style although this point may seem obvious culture style can do create miss understandings in conversation among people from different culture.Ex. Following the conversation between an Italian and American, the Italian made a strong political statement which he knew his American friend would disagree. the American rather than openly disagreeing said “well, every one is entitled to an opinion, I accept That your opinion is different than mine”. The Italian responded, “ that’s all you have to say about it?” in general, the American did not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics or anything else. The Italian actually became angry when the American refused to get involved in the discussion. This example say about culture and it’s influence on communication? Surely, there are many American who do get involved in verbal conflicts over politics, just as there are some Italians who would not become involved. However  the above conversation represents type of communication pattern that are related to cultural differences.

A.  Conversational involvement

Many people from cultures that prefer “high involvement” style tend to :

1.      Talk more

2.      Interrupt more

3.      Expect to be interrupted

4.      Talk more loudly at times

5.      Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness” styles.

On the other hand, people from cultures that favor “high considerateness” style tend to:

1.      Speak one time at time

2.      Use polite listening sounds

3.      Refrain from interrupting

4.      Give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners.

The culture that characterized as having “high involvement” conversational style include Russian,Italian,greek,spanish,south American,arab,andAfrican.the various communication style in Asian culture chinese and Japanese would be characterized as “high considerateness”. mainstream American conversation style would also be characterized as high considerateness” although it differs.

B.   Incorrect judgments of character

American can have problems when talking to each other because of differences example : new Yorkers tend to talk faster and respond more quickly than Californians seem slower ,les intelligent and not responsive.to some Californians,new Yorkers seem pushy an domineering the reactions to such differences are not usually expressed in the following reasonable fashion “the way she speak is different from my way of speaking she must have different cultural upbringing. I wont judge according to my”.The important differences in communication create problems of stereotyping and incorrect judgment among members of diverse groups.

C.  Directness and indirectness

American male – female differences in directness

It is impossible to say that everyone culture communicates similarly.older people often communicate according to more traditional nors than younger people and as mentioned there are regional variations in the way people speak and carry on conversation,I addition there are gender differences in communication style.

The American women have traditionally been less direct (more polite and soft),than man in  making request expressing, criticism an offering opinion the emphasis in the workplace is on culture diversity, women are define as “culture group”.

D.  Cross Culture Implications

Americans may judge members of culture groups that value indirectness (hesitating, not “getting to the point”,and ‘beating around the bush”). As not being assertive enough.When American go to work in countries where indirectness is valued they May need to modify their communications style making request and expressing needs and opinions north Americans working in Latin America would benefit from understanding the culture values of saving face and maintaining harmony,although lain American conversation style are considered high considerateness ,they both tend to value indirectness.

E.   Conversation structures

Peoples communication pattern different the way people converse ,some foreigners have observed that when Americans hold a conversation it seems like they are having ping – pong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table the other player hits the ball back an the game continue if one person doesn’t return the ball the conversation stops. Many north American are impatient with culturally different conversation style simply because the style are unfamiliar the north American woman didn’t know how to interrupt the latin American ways of listening and breaking in are very different she bad been taught to listening politely until the order person had been finished talking.She was not comfortable in the conversation with the latinamericans, the result was that she became more passive in her  conversation with her co-workers.

Ping pong and bowling conversation style

a conversation style that contras with American “ping-pong” conversation style is formal conversation among the Japanese.the American who used to the ping-pong style of communications is probably going to have some difficulty with someone whose conversational style like a bowling game.the Japanese speakers appears passive and uninterested in the conversation,the Japanese style takes too long for the average American.

2.    Nonverbal communication speaking without words

Asian culture the general belief is that it is unacceptable to show emotion openly (sadness,happiness,or pain).how culture differ in their nonverbal expression of emotion,feelings of friendship exist everywhere in the word.

A.  Gestares and Body Positioning

Gesture are specific body movements that carry meaning,hand motions alone can convey many meanings “go away”,”comehere”,”it’sOK”.this same gesture in the Philippines , korea, and part of latinAmerica.many American business executive enjoy relaxing with their feet up on their desk.but to show a person from Saudi Arabia or Thailand the sole of one foot is extremely insuling,because the footis considered the dirties part of the body.

B.  Facial Expressiveness

Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situation and relationship,in American culture the smile is typically an expression of pleasure.a woman smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child.Many people in Russia consider smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even suspicious behaviors .some Russians believe that American smile in the wrong place  and some American believe that Russians don’t smile enough .in southeast Asian culture,a smile is frequently used to cover emotional pain or embarrassment. vietnamese people may tell the sad story of how they had to leave their country but end the story with a smile.in public and formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do.japanese and americans seems to show their emotion similarly.

C.  Eye contact

Eye contact is important because insufficient or excessive eye contact can create communication barriers relationship.it serves to show intimacy,attention and  influence.in a part in united states,however such as on the west coast and in the south.example,it is usual for two strangers walking passing toward each other to make eye contact ,smile,and perhaps even say “hi’, before immediately looking away.pattern of eye contact are different across culture.someamericans feel uncomfortable with the gaze that is sometimes associated with arab or indian communication patterns.in the American culture is stated directly in the expression “never trust a person who doesn’t look you in the eyes”.

D.  Conversational Distance

Keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people.this distance names over the years ,including “personal space”,”interpersonaldistance”,”comfortzone”,and “body bubble”..this space between s and another at various distance from people.eaxample,we are usually more comfortable satnding closer to family members than to strangers.ajapanense employer and employee usually stan father apart while talking than their American counterpart.foramericans, the usual distance in social conversation rangers culture may be associated with either greater intimacy or aggressive behaviors.culture does not always determine the message of nonverbal communications,like verbal language,nonverbal language is linked to a person cultural background,when one person nonverbal language matches that of another there is increased comfort,in nonverbal communications across culture there similarities and differences.